Although the New Civil Code effectively states that verbal agreements have "the same force and effect as that of a written contract", it is hard to prove such existence come court proceedings since it will be a battle of testimonies between opposing parties and witnesses. That is why it is always sound business practice to have everything documented on paper so that there will be physical evidence of the agreement's existence which is not merely dependent upon hearsays.
Right now, the best thing to do is to secure a written agreement from your supervisors regarding the increase of your current salary and WHEN it will be applied. Have their name and signatures on said document so that there will be accountability in the future. You may contest the previous months wherein your salary was not adjusted, but it will be a hard legal battle to win since it will be dependent on the evidences you have that will support your claim.
Although the Labor Code has a provision that "any doubt should be construed in favor of labor", that is not always the case especially if the employer has more compelling evidence that does not give any doubt to their claims.
I hope that my recommendation will somehow be a good alternative for you right now, in lieu of actual legal advice from a real lawyer.