A marriage celebrated without a valid marriage license is null and void, unless the contracting parties are exempt from this requisite (Articles 4 and 35(3), Family Code of the Philippines).
One of the exceptions mentioned by law where marriage license is not required is when the contracting parties have cohabited for 5 years or more as husband and wife without the benefit of marriage. However, during their cohabitation, the law requires that they must not have any legal impediment to marry each other. This is explicitly provided by Article 34 of the Family Code of the Philippines:
“Art. 34. No license shall be necessary for the marriage of a man and a woman who have lived together as husband and wife for at least five years and without any legal impediment to marry each other. The contracting parties shall state the foregoing facts in an affidavit before any person authorized by law to administer oaths. The solemnizing officer shall also state under oath that he ascertained the qualifications of the contracting parties and found no legal impediment to the marriage.”
The significance of a marriage license was discussed by the Supreme Court in the case of Engrace Niñal vs. Norma Bayadog (G.R. No. 133778, March 14, 2000), to wit:
“The requirement and issuance of marriage license is the State’s demonstration of its involvement and participation in every marriage, in the maintenance of which the general public is interested. This interest proceeds from the constitutional mandate that the State recognizes the sanctity of family life and of affording protection to the family as a basic “autonomous social institution.” Specifically, the Constitution considers marriage as an “inviolable social institution,” and is the foundation of family life which shall be protected by the State. This is why the Family Code considers marriage as “a special contract of permanent union” and case law considers it “not just an adventure but a lifetime commitment.”