DISSOLUTION AND WINDING UP

DISSOLUTION AND WINDING UP
DISSOLUTION - change in the relation of the partners caused by any partner ceasing to be associated in the carrying on of the business; partnership is not terminated but continues until the winding up of partnership affairs is completed
WINDING UP - process of settling the business or partnership affairs after dissolution

CAUSES OF DISSOLUTION:
1. Without violation of the agreement between the partners
a. By termination of the definite term/ particular undertaking specified in the agreement
b. By the express will of any partner, who must act in good faith, when no definite term or particular undertaking is specified
c. By the express will of all the partners who have not assigned their interest/ charged them for their separate debts, either before or after the termination of any specified term or particular undertaking
d. By the expulsion of any partner from the business bonafide in accordance with power conferred by the agreement
2. In contravention of the agreement between the partners, where the circumstances do not permit a dissolution under any other provision of this article, by the express will of any partner at any time
3. By any event which makes it unlawful for business to be carried on/for the members to carry it on for the partnership
4. Loss of specific thing promised by partner before its delivery
5. Death of any partner
6. Insolvency of a partner/partnership
7. Civil interdiction of any partner
8. Decree of court under art 1831

GROUNDS FOR DISSOLUTION BY DECREE OF COURT (art 1831)
1. Partner declared insane in any judicial proceeding or shown to be of unsound mind
2. Incapacity of partner to perform his part of the partnership contract
3. Partner guilty of conduct prejudicial to business of partnership
4. Willful or persistent breach of partnership agreement or conduct which makes it reasonably impracticable to carry on partnership with him
5. Business can only be carried on at a loss
6. Other circumstances which render dissolution equitable

Upon application by purchaser of partner's interest:
1. After termination of specified term/particular undertaking
2. Anytime if partnership at will when interest was assigned/charging order issued

EFFECTS OF DISSOLUTION:

A. AUTHORITY OF PARTNER TO BIND PARTNERSHIP
General Rule: Authority of partners to bind partnership is terminated
Exception:
1. Wind up partnership affairs
2. Complete transactions not finished

Qualifications:
1. With respect to partners -
a. Authority of partners to bind partnership by new contract is immediately terminated when dissolution is not due to ACT, DEATH or INSOLVENCY (ADI) of a partner (art 1833);
b. If due to ADI, partners are liable as if partnership not dissolved, when the ff. concur:
i. If cause is ACT of partner, acting partner must have knowledge of such dissolution
ii. If cause is DEATH or INSOLVENCY, acting partner must have knowledge/ notice

2. With respect to persons not partners (art 1834) -
a. Partner continues to bind partnership even after dissolution in ff. cases:
(1) Transactions in connection to winding up partnership affairs/completing transactions unfinished
(2) Transactions which would bind partnership if not dissolved, when the other party/obligee:
(a) Situation 1 -
i. Had extended credit to partnership prior to dissolution &
ii. Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution, or
(b) Situation 2 -
i. Did not extend credit to partnership
ii. Had known partnership prior to dissolution
iii. Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution/fact of dissolution not advertised in a newspaper of general circulation in the place where partnership is regularly carried on
b. Partner cannot bind the partnership anymore after dissolution:
(1) Where dissolution is due to unlawfulness to carry on with business (except: winding up of partnership affairs)
(2) Where partner has become insolvent
(3) Where partner unauthorized to wind up partnership affairs, except by transaction with one who:
(a) Situation 1 -
i. Had extended credit to partnership prior to dissolution &
ii. Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution, or
(b) Situation 2 -
i. Did not extend credit to partnership prior to dissolution
ii. Had known partnership prior to dissolution
iii. Had no knowledge/notice of dissolution/fact of dissolution not advertised in a newspaper of general circulation in the place where partnership is regularly carried on

B. DISCHARGE OF LIABILITY –
Dissolution does not discharge existing liability of partner, except by agreement between:
(1) partner himself
(2) person/partnership continuing the business
(3) partnership creditors

Rights of partner where dissolution not in contravention of agreement
1. Apply partnership property to discharge liabilities of partnership
2. Apply surplus, if any to pay in cash the net amount owed to partners

Rights of partner where dissolution in contravention of agreement
1. Partner who did not cause dissolution wrongfully:
a. Apply partnership property to discharge liabilities of partnership
b. Apply surplus, if any to pay in cash the net amount owed to partners
c. Indemnity for damages caused by partner guilty of wrongful dissolution
d. Continue business in same name during agreed term
e. Posses partnership property if business is continued
2. Partner who wrongly caused dissolution:
a. If business not continued by others - apply partnership property to discharge liabilities of partnership & receive in cash his share of surplus less damages caused by his wrongful dissolution
b. If business continued by others - have the value of his interest at time of dissolution ascertained and paid in cash/secured by bond & be released from all existing/future partnership liabilities

Rights of injured partner where partnership contract is rescinded on ground of fraud/misrepresentation by 1 party:
1. Right to lien on surplus of partnership property after satisfying partnership liabilities
2. Right to subrogation in place of creditors after payment of partnership liabilities
3. Right of indemnification by guilty partner against all partnership debts & liabilities

C. SETTLEMENT OF ACCOUNTS BETWEEN PARTNERS
Assets of the partnership:
1. Partnership property (including goodwill)
2. Contributions of the partners

Order of Application of Assets:
1. Partnership creditors
2. Partners as creditors
3. Partners as investors - return of capital contribution
4. Partners as investors - share of profits if any

D. WHEN BUSINESS OF DISSOLVED PARTNERSHIP IS CONTINUED:
1. Creditors of old partnership are also creditors of the new partnership which continues the business of the old one w/o liquidation of the partnership affairs
2. Creditors have an equitable lien on the consideration paid to the retiring /deceased partner by the purchaser when retiring/deceased partner sold his interest w/o final settlement with creditors
3. Rights if retiring/estate of deceased partner:
a. To have the value of his interest ascertained as of the date of dissolution
b. To receive as ordinary creditor the value of his share in the dissolved partnership with interest or profits attributable to use of his right, at his option

Right to Account - may be exercised by:
1. Winding up partner
2. Surviving partner
3. Person/partnership continuing the business

Manner of Winding Up
1. Judicially
2. Extrajudicially

Persons Authorized to Wind Up
1. Partners designated by the agreement
2. In absence of agreement, all partners who have not wrongfully dissolved the partnership
3. Legal representative of last surviving partner

i'm looking for a explanation about art. 1834 to 1839 of partnership ..i hope anyone can help me .. and some examples ... i'm a graduating student and i'm taking BSBA management ..

thank you ..